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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ffdd99;p">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; background:#ffdd99;"><a href="Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt">
<ul><li><a href="Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li>
<li><a href="Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse</a></li>
<li><a href="Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li>
<li><a href="Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li>
<li><a href="Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic</a></li>
<li><a href="Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul></div></div>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt">
<ul><li><a href="Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li>
<li><a href="Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li>
<li><a href="Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li>
<li><a href="Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li>
<li><a href="Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li>
<li><a href="Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li>
<li><a href="Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li>
<li><a href="Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a>
<ul><li><a href="Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li>
<li><a href="Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Nationality or citizenship</a></li>
<li><a href="Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a>
<ul><li><a href="Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li>
<li><a href="Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li>
<li><a href="Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a>
<ul><li><a href="Reverse_sexism" title="Reverse sexism">Reverse</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li>
<li><a href="Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li>
<li><a href="Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li>
<li><a href="Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul></div></div>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Social</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt">
<ul><li><a href="Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li>
<li><a href="Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li>
<li><a href="Do-gooder_derogation" title="Do-gooder derogation">Anti-altruistic</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li>
<li><a href="Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li>
<li><a href="Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li>
<li><a href="Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li>
<li><a href="Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li>
<li><a href="Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li>
<li><a href="Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li>
<li><a href="Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Health</a>
<ul><li><a href="Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">mental</a></li>
<li><a href="Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">in poverty</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li>
<li><a href="Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li>
<li><a href="Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li>
<li><a href="Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group</a></li>
<li><a href="Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li>
<li><a href="Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Against men</a></li>
<li><a href="Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li>
<li><a href="Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a>
<ul><li><a href="Misogynoir" title="Misogynoir">Misogynoir</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li>
<li><a href="Outgroup_favoritism" title="Outgroup favoritism">Outgroup</a></li>
<li><a href="Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li>
<li><a href="Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li>
<li><a href="Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a>
<ul><li><a href="Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li>
<li><a href="Black_supremacy" title="Black supremacy">Black</a>
<ul><li><a href="Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a>
<ul><li><a href="Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">Han</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Female</a></li>
<li><a href="Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">Human</a></li>
<li><a href="Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li>
<li><a href="Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li>
<li><a href="Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a>
<ul><li><a href="Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li>
<li><a href="Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li>
<li><a href="Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt">
<ul><li><a href="Religious_exemption" title="Religious exemption">Religious exemption</a></li>
<li><a href="Religious_persecution#Persecution_of_non-believers_or_irreligion" title="Religious persecution">Persecution of non-believers</a>
<ul><li><a href="Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li>
<li><a href="Blasphemy_law" title="Blasphemy law">Blasphemy law</a></li>
<li><a href="Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious censorship</a></li>
<li>In Islam
<ul><li><a href="Apostasy_in_Islam#Punishment" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li>
<li><a href="Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Religious police</a></li>
<li><a href="Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a>
<ul><li><a href="Antireligious_campaigns_in_China" title="Antireligious campaigns in China">In China</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a>
<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Coptic Christianity</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_Jehovah's_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a>
<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li>
<li><a href="Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a>
<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a>
<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Shi'ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a>
<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_Serers" title="Persecution of Serers">Serers</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Racism" title="Racism">Race or ethnicity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt">
<ul><li><a href="Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a>
<ul><li><a href="Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Hazara_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Hazara sentiment">Hazara</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a>
<ul><li><a href="Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_Serers" title="Persecution of Serers">Serers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li>
<li><a href="Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a>
<ul><li><a href="Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Austrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Austrian sentiment">Austrian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Black_racism" title="Anti-Black racism">Black people</a>
<ul><li><a href="Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Bengali_sentiment" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment">Bengali</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a>
<ul><li><a href="Anti-Han_sentiment" title="Anti-Han sentiment">Han people</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Dutch_sentiment" title="Anti-Dutch sentiment">Dutch</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-English_sentiment" title="Anti-English sentiment">English</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Estonian_sentiment" title="Anti-Estonian sentiment">Estonian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-French_sentiment" title="Anti-French sentiment">French</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">German</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Indonesian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indonesian sentiment">Indonesian</a></li>
<li>Indigenous people
<ul><li><a href="Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Iranian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li>
<li><a href="Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a>
<ul><li><a href="Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist</a></li>
<li><a href="New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li>
<li><a href="Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Yiddish_sentiment" title="Anti-Yiddish sentiment">Anti-Yiddish</a></li>
<li><a href="Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Khmer_sentiment" title="Anti-Khmer sentiment">Khmer</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Montenegrin_sentiment" title="Anti-Montenegrin sentiment">Montenegrin</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li>
<li><a href="Lusophobia" title="Lusophobia">Portuguese</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Russian_sentiment" title="Anti-Russian sentiment">Russian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Spanish_sentiment" title="Anti-Spanish sentiment">Spanish</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Taiwanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Taiwanese sentiment">Taiwanese</a></li>
<li><a href="Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Tibetan_sentiment" title="Anti-Tibetan sentiment">Tibetan</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-white_racism" title="Anti-white racism">White people</a></li></ul></div></div>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt">
<ul><li><a href="Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">Algorithmic bias</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li>
<li><a href="Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li>
<li><a href="Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li>
<li><a href="Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li>
<li><a href="Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li>
<li><a href="Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li>
<li><a href="Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li>
<li><a href="Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li>
<li><a href="Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li>
<li><a href="Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li>
<li><a href="Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li>
<li><a href="Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li>
<li><a href="Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li>
<li><a href="Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a>
<ul><li><a href="Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li>
<li><a href="Bias_in_curricula" title="Bias in curricula">In curricula</a></li>
<li><a href="Sexism_in_academia" title="Sexism in academia">Sexism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a>
<ul><li><a href="Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist antisemitism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li>
<li><a href="Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li>
<li><a href="Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a></li>
<li><a href="Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li>
<li><a href="Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li>
<li><a href="Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li>
<li><a href="Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li>
<li><a href="Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a>
<ul><li><a href="Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li>
<li><a href="High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li>
<li><a href="Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li>
<li><a href="Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li>
<li><a href="Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a>
<ul><li><a href="Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Transgender genocide</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a>
<ul><li><a href="Circumcision" title="Circumcision">Circumcision</a></li>
<li><a href="Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li>
<li><a href="Intersex_medical_interventions" title="Intersex medical interventions">Intersex medical interventions</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a>
<ul><li><a href="Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li>
<li><a href="Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a>
<ul><li><a href="Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li>
<li><a href="Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence against LGBTQ people</a>
<ul><li><a href="Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence against transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li>
<li><a href="Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li>
<li><a href="Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a>
<ul><li><a href="Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional racism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li>
<li><a href="Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li>
<li><a href="Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a>
<ul><li><a href="Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">Age disparity</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li>
<li><a href="International_inequality" title="International inequality">International inequality</a></li>
<li><a href="Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li>
<li><a href="Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrimination_against_LGBTQ%2B_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against LGBTQ+ people">LGBTQ+</a>
<ul><li><a href="LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">grooming conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Language_death" title="Language death">Linguicide</a></li>
<li><a href="Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li>
<li><a href="Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li>
<li><a href="Minority_stress" title="Minority stress">Minority stress</a></li>
<li><a href="Moral_exclusion" title="Moral exclusion">Moral exclusion</a></li>
<li><a href="Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li>
<li><a href="Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a>
<ul><li><a href="Atlanta_Braves_tomahawk_chop_and_name_controversy" title="Atlanta Braves tomahawk chop and name controversy">Braves</a></li>
<li><a href="Chicago_Blackhawks_name_and_logo_controversy" title="Chicago Blackhawks name and logo controversy">Blackhawks</a></li>
<li><a href="Kansas_City_Chiefs_name_controversy" title="Kansas City Chiefs name controversy">Chiefs</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">Occupational</a>
<ul><li><a href="Occupational_apartheid" title="Occupational apartheid">Apartheid</a></li>
<li><a href="Occupational_inequality" title="Occupational inequality">Inequality</a></li>
<li><a href="Occupational_injustice" title="Occupational injustice">Injustice</a></li>
<li><a href="Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Segregation</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li>
<li><a href="Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li>
<li><a href="Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li>
<li><a href="Political_bias" title="Political bias">Political</a>
<ul><li><a href="Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li>
<li><a href="Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological repression</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li>
<li>Racialization</li>
<li><a href="Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li>
<li><a href="Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li>
<li><a href="Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li>
<li><a href="Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li>
<li><a href="Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li>
<li><a href="Selective_enforcement" title="Selective enforcement">Selective enforcement</a>
<ul><li><a href="Selective_prosecution" title="Selective prosecution">Selective prosecution</a></li>
<li><a href="Sentencing_disparity" title="Sentencing disparity">Sentencing disparity</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li>
<li><a href="Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li>
<li><a href="Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li>
<li><a href="Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li>
<li><a href="Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural discrimination</a></li>
<li><a href="Structural_evil" title="Structural evil">Structural evil</a></li>
<li><a href="Structural_inequality" title="Structural inequality">Structural inequality</a></li>
<li><a href="Structural_violence" title="Structural violence">Structural violence</a></li>
<li><a href="Untermensch" title="Untermensch">Untermensch</a></li>
<li><a href="Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li>
<li><a href="Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li>
<li><a href="Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li>
<li><a href="White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li>
<li><a href="White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li>
<li><a href="Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul></div></div>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt">
<ul><li><a href="Algorithmic_wage_discrimination" title="Algorithmic wage discrimination">Algorithmic wage discrimination</a></li>
<li><a href="Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li>
<li><a href="Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Apartheid</a>
<ul><li><a href="Apartheid" title="Apartheid">in South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="Israeli_apartheid" title="Israeli apartheid">in Israel</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li>
<li><a href="Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li>
<li><a href="Breadwinner_model" title="Breadwinner model">Breadwinner model</a></li>
<li><a href="Conscription_and_sexism" title="Conscription and sexism">Conscription and sexism</a></li>
<li><a href="Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a>
<ul><li><a href="Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li>
<li><a href="Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Disparate_impact" title="Disparate impact">Disparate impact</a></li>
<li><a href="Fagging" title="Fagging">Fagging</a></li>
<li><a href="Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li>
<li><a href="Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li>
<li><a href="Protecting_Women's_Private_Spaces_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act">Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act</a></li>
<li><a href="Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li>
<li><a href="Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li>
<li><a href="Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li>
<li><a href="Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li>
<li><a href="Opposition_to_LGBTQ_rights" title="Opposition to LGBTQ rights">Opposition to LGBTQ rights</a></li>
<li><a href="Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li>
<li><a href="No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li>
<li><a href="Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li>
<li><a href="One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li>
<li><a href="Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li>
<li><a href="Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li>
<li><a href="Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li>
<li><a href="Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li>
<li><a href="Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a>
<ul><li><a href="Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li>
<li><a href="Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a>
<ul><li><a href="Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li>
<li><a href="Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li>
<li><a href="Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li></ul></li>
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<li><a href="Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li>
<li><a href="State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li>
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<li><a href="Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li>
<li><a href="Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li>
<li><a href="White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a></li></ul></div></div>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Countermeasures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt">
<ul><li><a href="Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li>
<li><a href="Audit_study" title="Audit study">Audit study</a></li>
<li><a href="Autism_rights_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism rights movement">Autism rights movement</a></li>
<li><a href="Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a>
<ul><li><a href="Blind_audition" title="Blind audition">Blind audition</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li>
<li><a href="Cross-sex_friendship" title="Cross-sex friendship">Cross-sex friendship</a></li>
<li><a href="Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li>
<li><a href="Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li>
<li><a href="Diversity%2C_equity%2C_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a>
<ul><li><a href="Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li>
<li><a href="Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li>
<li><a href="Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li>
<li><a href="Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li>
<li><a href="Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li>
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<li><a href="Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li>
<li><a href="Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li>
<li><a href="LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">LGBTQ rights</a></li>
<li><a href="Mad_pride" title="Mad pride">Mad pride</a></li>
<li><a href="Music_in_the_movement_against_apartheid" title="Music in the movement against apartheid">Music in the movement against apartheid</a></li>
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<li><a href="Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li>
<li><a href="Rock_Against_Sexism" title="Rock Against Sexism">Rock Against Sexism</a></li>
<li><a href="Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li>
<li><a href="Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li>
<li><a href="Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Stop Murder Music</a></li>
<li><a href="Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li>
<li><a href="Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Transgender rights movement</a></li>
<li><a href="Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li>
<li><a href="Women's_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li></ul></div></div>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt">
<ul><li><a href="Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li>
<li><a href="Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li>
<li><a href="Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li>
<li><a href="Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li>
<li><a href="Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li>
<li><a href="Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li>
<li><a href="Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a></li>
<li><a href="Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li>
<li><a href="Diseases_of_despair" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases of despair">Diseases of despair</a></li>
<li><a href="Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li>
<li><a href="Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li>
<li><a href="Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li>
<li><a href="Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li>
<li><a href="Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li>
<li><a href="Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li>
<li><a href="Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li>
<li><a href="Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li>
<li><a href="Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li>
<li><a href="Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li>
<li><a href="Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li>
<li><a href="Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li>
<li><a href="Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li>
<li><a href="Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li>
<li><a href="Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li>
<li><a href="Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li>
<li><a href="Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li>
<li><a href="Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li>
<li><a href="Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li>
<li><a href="Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a>
<ul><li><a href="Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li>
<li><a href="Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li>
<li><a href="White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li>
<li><a href="Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li>
<li><a href="Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a></li>
<li><a href="The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul></div></div>
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<p><b>Racialization</b> or <b>ethnicization</b> is a <a href="Sociological" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociological">sociological</a> concept used to describe the intent and processes by which <a href="Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic</a> or <a href="Race_(human_classification)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (human classification)">racial identities</a> are systematically constructed within a society.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constructs for racialization are centered on erroneous generalizations about racial aspects of distinct groups, leading to the denial of equal societal engagement.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoyt_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoyt-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-souissi22_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-souissi22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a fallacy of <a href="Groupism" title="Groupism">groupism</a> and a process of racial dominance that has lasting harmful or damaging outcomes for racialized groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Gans_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gans-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hochman19_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hochman19-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An associated term is self-racialization, which refers to the practice by dominant groups to justify and defend their dominant status or to deny its existence. Individually, self-racialization may not be consistent throughout one's lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-hochman19_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hochman19-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<meta property="mw:PageProp/toc">
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process_concepts">Process concepts</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racialized_incorporation">Racialized incorporation</h3></div>
<p>The process of racialization can affect newly arriving immigrants as well as their second-generation children in the United States. According to sociologist Ali R. Chaudhary, the concept of racialized incorporation bridges the idea of <a href="Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a> with <a href="Critical_race_theory" title="Critical race theory">critical race studies</a> in general and the concept of racialization in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaudhary_318–354_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaudhary_318–354-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While immigrants may possess specific ethnic and cultural identities associated with their countries of origin, once they arrive in the U.S., they are incorporated into a society that is largely organized along the lines of race. The racial hierarchy in the United States is pervasive in many aspects of life, including housing, education, and employment. The racialized incorporation perspective argues that regardless of the ethnic and cultural differences across immigrant groups, racial identification is the ultimate and primary principle of social organization in the United States. Because the lived experiences of Whites and Blacks in U.S. society diverge in most areas of social life, the racialized category that immigrants and their children are incorporated into will largely determine their experiences and opportunities in the United States. The process of racialization and involuntary incorporation is a topic of research interest in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaudhary_318–354_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaudhary_318–354-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intersectional_racializations">Intersectional racializations</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racialization_of_religion">Racialization of religion</h3></div>
<p>Religious groups can also go through the process of racialization.<sup id="cite_ref-Gans_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gans-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adherents of <a href="Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and <a href="Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> can be racialized when they are portrayed as possessing certain physical characteristics, despite the fact that many individual adherents of those religions do not possess any of those physical characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racialization_of_labor">Racialization of labor</h3></div>
<p>Marta Maria Maldonado has identified the racialization of labor to involve the segregation and appointment of workers based on perceived ethnic differences.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This racialization of labor is said to produce a hierarchical arrangement which limits employee agency and mobility based on their race. The process of racialization is reinforced through presupposed, stereotypical qualities which are imposed upon the racialized person by the racializer.<sup id="cite_ref-Racializationrocess_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racializationrocess-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Members of the dominant race in a society benefit from various privileges, such as <a href="White_privilege" title="White privilege">white privilege</a> in societies where people classified as white make up the dominant racial group, whether these are material or psychological, and are maintained and reproduced within social systems.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Furthermore, research by Edna Bonacich, Sabrina Alimahomed Jake B. Wilson, 2008 regarding the effects of race and criminal background on employment concluded that "dominant racialized labor groups (mainly White/European workers) are in general afforded more privileges than subordinate racialized labor groups (workers of color)"<sup id="cite_ref-:5_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, According to Chetty, Hendren, Kline, and Saez, the effect of <a href="Race_segregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Race segregation">race segregation</a> impacts the labor market, saying "upward income mobility is significantly lower in areas with larger African American Populations".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racialization_and_gender">Racialization and gender</h3></div>
<p>Racialization and gender can often intersect.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Racialized gender-specific categories can emerge in the process of racialization.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, an African woman who immigrates to the United States may be viewed through stereotypes pertaining to <a href="African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-American</a> women.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div>
<p>In Canadian politics, conservative representatives view the sociological concept as patchy. <a href="Maxime_Bernier" title="Maxime Bernier">Maxime Bernier</a> described it as "awful jargon" and argued that it contradicts the goal of creating a color-blind society. In response, liberal representatives contended that the realities of racism are more pervasive. They argued that "denying the very real experiences of people who live with racism every day" only supports the status quo and avoids the responsibility of actively working to eradicate racism.<sup id="cite_ref-cbc1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, Hochman, a proponent of the theory of racialization, pointed out that the concept of racialization is often misidentified as relating to races or what constitutes a race, leading race-skeptic scholars in academia to discourage its use, while it actually pertains to how races are systemically and socially grouped for marginalization. Based on "what it does," the outcome of such marginalization is explained by <a href="Systemic_racism" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic racism">systemic racism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hochman19_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hochman19-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes (United States)</a></li>
<li><a href="Critical_race_theory" title="Critical race theory">Critical race theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></li>
<li><a href="Racialized_society" title="Racialized society">Racialized society</a></li>
<li><a href="Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although they accept converts, Jews are an <a href="Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">ethnoreligious group</a>, because they constitute an ethnicity as well as a religion. See <a href="Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">racial antisemitism</a> and <a href="Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">religious antisemitism</a>.</span>
</li>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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</style><cite id="CITEREFOmiWinant1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Michael_Omi" title="Michael Omi">Omi, Michael</a>; <a href="Howard_Winant" title="Howard Winant">Winant, Howard</a> (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racialformationi00omim"><i>Racial Formation in the United States / From the 1960s to the 1980s</i></a></span>. <a href="Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> & Kegan Paul. p. 64. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7102-0970-2</bdi>. <q>We employ the term <i>racialization</i> to signify the extension of racial meaning to a previously racially unclassified relationship, social practice, or group.</q></cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSt_Louis2005" class="citation book cs1">St Louis, Brett (2005). "Racialization in the "zone of ambiguity"". In Murji, Karim; Solomos, John (eds.). <i>Racialization: Studies in Theory and Practice</i>. <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">29–</span>50. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0199257035</bdi>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Hoyt-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoyt_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHoyt2016" class="citation book cs1">Hoyt, Carlos (19 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b_gyCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38"><i>The Arc of a Bad Idea: Understanding and Transcending Race</i></a>. <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-938627-7</bdi> – via <a href="Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>Racialization is the process by which societies construct races as real, different and unequal in ways that matter to economic, political and social life. It involves: selecting some human characteristics as meaningful signs of racial difference; sorting people into races on the basis of variations in these characteristics; attributing personality traits, behaviours (sic) and social characteristics to people classified as members of particular races; and acting as if race indicates socially significant differences among people.</q></cite></span>
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<li><a href="Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li>
<li><a href="Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li>
<li><a href="Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li>
<li><a href="Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a>
<ul><li><a href="Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li>
<li><a href="Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Nationality or citizenship</a></li>
<li><a href="Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a>
<ul><li><a href="Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li>
<li><a href="Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li>
<li><a href="Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a>
<ul><li><a href="Reverse_sexism" title="Reverse sexism">Reverse</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li>
<li><a href="Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li>
<li><a href="Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li>
<li><a href="Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li>
<li><a href="Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li>
<li><a href="Do-gooder_derogation" title="Do-gooder derogation">Anti-altruistic</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li>
<li><a href="Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li>
<li><a href="Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li>
<li><a href="Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li>
<li><a href="Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li>
<li><a href="Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li>
<li><a href="Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li>
<li><a href="Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Health</a>
<ul><li><a href="Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">mental</a></li>
<li><a href="Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">in poverty</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li>
<li><a href="Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li>
<li><a href="Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li>
<li><a href="Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group</a></li>
<li><a href="Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li>
<li><a href="Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Against men</a></li>
<li><a href="Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li>
<li><a href="Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a>
<ul><li><a href="Misogynoir" title="Misogynoir">Misogynoir</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li>
<li><a href="Outgroup_favoritism" title="Outgroup favoritism">Outgroup</a></li>
<li><a href="Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li>
<li><a href="Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li>
<li><a href="Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a>
<ul><li><a href="Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li>
<li><a href="Black_supremacy" title="Black supremacy">Black</a>
<ul><li><a href="Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a>
<ul><li><a href="Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">Han</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Female</a></li>
<li><a href="Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">Human</a></li>
<li><a href="Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li>
<li><a href="Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li>
<li><a href="Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a>
<ul><li><a href="Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li>
<li><a href="Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li>
<li><a href="Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Religious_exemption" title="Religious exemption">Religious exemption</a></li>
<li><a href="Religious_persecution#Persecution_of_non-believers_or_irreligion" title="Religious persecution">Persecution of non-believers</a>
<ul><li><a href="Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li>
<li><a href="Blasphemy_law" title="Blasphemy law">Blasphemy law</a></li>
<li><a href="Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious censorship</a></li>
<li>In Islam
<ul><li><a href="Apostasy_in_Islam#Punishment" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li>
<li><a href="Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Religious police</a></li>
<li><a href="Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a>
<ul><li><a href="Antireligious_campaigns_in_China" title="Antireligious campaigns in China">In China</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a>
<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Coptic Christianity</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_Jehovah's_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a>
<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li>
<li><a href="Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a>
<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a>
<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Shi'ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a>
<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_Serers" title="Persecution of Serers">Serers</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a>
<ul><li><a href="Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Hazara_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Hazara sentiment">Hazara</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a>
<ul><li><a href="Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_Serers" title="Persecution of Serers">Serers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li>
<li><a href="Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a>
<ul><li><a href="Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Austrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Austrian sentiment">Austrian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Black_racism" title="Anti-Black racism">Black people</a>
<ul><li><a href="Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Bengali_sentiment" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment">Bengali</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a>
<ul><li><a href="Anti-Han_sentiment" title="Anti-Han sentiment">Han people</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Dutch_sentiment" title="Anti-Dutch sentiment">Dutch</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-English_sentiment" title="Anti-English sentiment">English</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Estonian_sentiment" title="Anti-Estonian sentiment">Estonian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-French_sentiment" title="Anti-French sentiment">French</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">German</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Indonesian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indonesian sentiment">Indonesian</a></li>
<li>Indigenous people
<ul><li><a href="Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Iranian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li>
<li><a href="Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a>
<ul><li><a href="Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist</a></li>
<li><a href="New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li>
<li><a href="Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Yiddish_sentiment" title="Anti-Yiddish sentiment">Anti-Yiddish</a></li>
<li><a href="Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Khmer_sentiment" title="Anti-Khmer sentiment">Khmer</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Montenegrin_sentiment" title="Anti-Montenegrin sentiment">Montenegrin</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li>
<li><a href="Lusophobia" title="Lusophobia">Portuguese</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Russian_sentiment" title="Anti-Russian sentiment">Russian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Spanish_sentiment" title="Anti-Spanish sentiment">Spanish</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Taiwanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Taiwanese sentiment">Taiwanese</a></li>
<li><a href="Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Tibetan_sentiment" title="Anti-Tibetan sentiment">Tibetan</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-white_racism" title="Anti-white racism">White people</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">Algorithmic bias</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li>
<li><a href="Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li>
<li><a href="Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li>
<li><a href="Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li>
<li><a href="Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li>
<li><a href="Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li>
<li><a href="Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li>
<li><a href="Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li>
<li><a href="Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li>
<li><a href="Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li>
<li><a href="Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li>
<li><a href="Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li>
<li><a href="Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li>
<li><a href="Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a>
<ul><li><a href="Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li>
<li><a href="Bias_in_curricula" title="Bias in curricula">In curricula</a></li>
<li><a href="Sexism_in_academia" title="Sexism in academia">Sexism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a>
<ul><li><a href="Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist antisemitism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li>
<li><a href="Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li>
<li><a href="Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a></li>
<li><a href="Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li>
<li><a href="Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li>
<li><a href="Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li>
<li><a href="Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li>
<li><a href="Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a>
<ul><li><a href="Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li>
<li><a href="High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li>
<li><a href="Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li>
<li><a href="Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li>
<li><a href="Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a>
<ul><li><a href="Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Transgender genocide</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a>
<ul><li><a href="Circumcision" title="Circumcision">Circumcision</a></li>
<li><a href="Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li>
<li><a href="Intersex_medical_interventions" title="Intersex medical interventions">Intersex medical interventions</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a>
<ul><li><a href="Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li>
<li><a href="Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a>
<ul><li><a href="Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li>
<li><a href="Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence against LGBTQ people</a>
<ul><li><a href="Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence against transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li>
<li><a href="Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li>
<li><a href="Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a>
<ul><li><a href="Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional racism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li>
<li><a href="Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li>
<li><a href="Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a>
<ul><li><a href="Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">Age disparity</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li>
<li><a href="International_inequality" title="International inequality">International inequality</a></li>
<li><a href="Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li>
<li><a href="Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrimination_against_LGBTQ%2B_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against LGBTQ+ people">LGBTQ+</a>
<ul><li><a href="LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">grooming conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Language_death" title="Language death">Linguicide</a></li>
<li><a href="Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li>
<li><a href="Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li>
<li><a href="Minority_stress" title="Minority stress">Minority stress</a></li>
<li><a href="Moral_exclusion" title="Moral exclusion">Moral exclusion</a></li>
<li><a href="Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li>
<li><a href="Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a>
<ul><li><a href="Atlanta_Braves_tomahawk_chop_and_name_controversy" title="Atlanta Braves tomahawk chop and name controversy">Braves</a></li>
<li><a href="Chicago_Blackhawks_name_and_logo_controversy" title="Chicago Blackhawks name and logo controversy">Blackhawks</a></li>
<li><a href="Kansas_City_Chiefs_name_controversy" title="Kansas City Chiefs name controversy">Chiefs</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">Occupational</a>
<ul><li><a href="Occupational_apartheid" title="Occupational apartheid">Apartheid</a></li>
<li><a href="Occupational_inequality" title="Occupational inequality">Inequality</a></li>
<li><a href="Occupational_injustice" title="Occupational injustice">Injustice</a></li>
<li><a href="Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Segregation</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li>
<li><a href="Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li>
<li><a href="Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li>
<li><a href="Political_bias" title="Political bias">Political</a>
<ul><li><a href="Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li>
<li><a href="Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological repression</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li>
<li><a href="Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li>
<li><a href="Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li>
<li><a href="Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li>
<li><a href="Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li>
<li><a href="Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li>
<li><a href="Selective_enforcement" title="Selective enforcement">Selective enforcement</a>
<ul><li><a href="Selective_prosecution" title="Selective prosecution">Selective prosecution</a></li>
<li><a href="Sentencing_disparity" title="Sentencing disparity">Sentencing disparity</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li>
<li><a href="Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li>
<li><a href="Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li>
<li><a href="Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li>
<li><a href="Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural discrimination</a></li>
<li><a href="Structural_evil" title="Structural evil">Structural evil</a></li>
<li><a href="Structural_inequality" title="Structural inequality">Structural inequality</a></li>
<li><a href="Structural_violence" title="Structural violence">Structural violence</a></li>
<li><a href="Untermensch" title="Untermensch">Untermensch</a></li>
<li><a href="Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li>
<li><a href="Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li>
<li><a href="Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li>
<li><a href="White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li>
<li><a href="White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li>
<li><a href="Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discriminatory<br>policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Algorithmic_wage_discrimination" title="Algorithmic wage discrimination">Algorithmic wage discrimination</a></li>
<li><a href="Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li>
<li><a href="Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Apartheid</a>
<ul><li><a href="Apartheid" title="Apartheid">in South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="Israeli_apartheid" title="Israeli apartheid">in Israel</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li>
<li><a href="Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li>
<li><a href="Breadwinner_model" title="Breadwinner model">Breadwinner model</a></li>
<li><a href="Conscription_and_sexism" title="Conscription and sexism">Conscription and sexism</a></li>
<li><a href="Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a>
<ul><li><a href="Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li>
<li><a href="Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Disparate_impact" title="Disparate impact">Disparate impact</a></li>
<li><a href="Fagging" title="Fagging">Fagging</a></li>
<li><a href="Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li>
<li><a href="Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li>
<li><a href="Protecting_Women's_Private_Spaces_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act">Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act</a></li>
<li><a href="Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li>
<li><a href="Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li>
<li><a href="Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li>
<li><a href="Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li>
<li><a href="Opposition_to_LGBTQ_rights" title="Opposition to LGBTQ rights">Opposition to LGBTQ rights</a></li>
<li><a href="Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li>
<li><a href="No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li>
<li><a href="Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li>
<li><a href="One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li>
<li><a href="Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li>
<li><a href="Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li>
<li><a href="Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li>
<li><a href="Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li>
<li><a href="Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a>
<ul><li><a href="Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li>
<li><a href="Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a>
<ul><li><a href="Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li>
<li><a href="Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li>
<li><a href="Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li>
<li><a href="Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a>
<ul><li><a href="Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">in Islam</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li>
<li><a href="Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li>
<li><a href="State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li>
<li><a href="State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li>
<li><a href="Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li>
<li><a href="Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li>
<li><a href="White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li>
<li><a href="Audit_study" title="Audit study">Audit study</a></li>
<li><a href="Autism_rights_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism rights movement">Autism rights movement</a></li>
<li><a href="Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a>
<ul><li><a href="Blind_audition" title="Blind audition">Blind audition</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li>
<li><a href="Cross-sex_friendship" title="Cross-sex friendship">Cross-sex friendship</a></li>
<li><a href="Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li>
<li><a href="Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li>
<li><a href="Diversity%2C_equity%2C_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a>
<ul><li><a href="Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li>
<li><a href="Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li>
<li><a href="Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li>
<li><a href="Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li>
<li><a href="Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li>
<li><a href="Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li>
<li><a href="Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li>
<li><a href="Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li>
<li><a href="Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li>
<li><a href="LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">LGBTQ rights</a></li>
<li><a href="Mad_pride" title="Mad pride">Mad pride</a></li>
<li><a href="Music_in_the_movement_against_apartheid" title="Music in the movement against apartheid">Music in the movement against apartheid</a></li>
<li><a href="Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li>
<li><a href="Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li>
<li><a href="Rock_Against_Sexism" title="Rock Against Sexism">Rock Against Sexism</a></li>
<li><a href="Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li>
<li><a href="Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li>
<li><a href="Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Stop Murder Music</a></li>
<li><a href="Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li>
<li><a href="Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Transgender rights movement</a></li>
<li><a href="Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li>
<li><a href="Women's_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li>
<li><a href="Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li>
<li><a href="Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li>
<li><a href="Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li>
<li><a href="Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li>
<li><a href="Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li>
<li><a href="Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a></li>
<li><a href="Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li>
<li><a href="Diseases_of_despair" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases of despair">Diseases of despair</a></li>
<li><a href="Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li>
<li><a href="Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li>
<li><a href="Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li>
<li><a href="Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li>
<li><a href="Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li>
<li><a href="Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li>
<li><a href="Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li>
<li><a href="Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li>
<li><a href="Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li>
<li><a href="Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li>
<li><a href="Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li>
<li><a href="Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li>
<li><a href="Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li>
<li><a href="Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li>
<li><a href="Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li>
<li><a href="Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li>
<li><a href="Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li>
<li><a href="Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li>
<li><a href="Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li>
<li><a href="Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a>
<ul><li><a href="Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li>
<li><a href="Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li>
<li><a href="White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li>
<li><a href="Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li>
<li><a href="Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a></li>
<li><a href="The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> Commons</li></ul>
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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-25" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Racialization&oldid=1292201831">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.
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